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Vedanta in Akbar's Court: Excerpts from Court Poet Faizi's Beautiful Commentary on Krishna



Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak, (Pen name Faizi, 1547-1595) was a court poet in Akbar’s Darbar, and one of his Navaratnas. The following excerpts are from his composition Shariq-al-Marifa. It is a commentary on Krishna and Vedanta- meant to be read out in the court and then laminated and placed in the royal library.

Excerpts from Faizi's Shariq-al-Marifa (translated from Persian)

The reason behind the composition of this treatise:

This seeker is inspired by an aspiration emanating from the depths of his consciousness to comprehend the Divine Principle. He is inspired by the cherished fate of holy people from every religion who have realized the truth by following the path of universal peace (sulh-i-kul). He is inspired by such holy men who have understood the mystery of the universe and have become occupied with the universal. The seeker is inspired by the search for that divine wisdom which is congenial to the reception of peace- a wisdom that is based on the eternal truth and true perception of reality; a wisdom that unveils a secret without peers and induces complete unity…

In the praise of Swami Vyasa

Belonging to the ranks of those who are intimate with the secrets of the universe, the elite of the elite Swami Vyasa, who is beyond anything that may be said in his praise – just like the first sage, Plato, who attained fame throughout the realms and was renowned among the philosophers of the Arabs and non-Arabs. Though a font of wisdom himself, he was in the service of discipleship to an Indian sage Tumtum, who was a sage of great stature…

Through this treatise, the author (i.e., Faizi) has tried to bring to light Swami Vyasa’s wisdom expressed in holy books like the Gita, Yoga Vashishta, and the Bhagavata, as per his own understanding.

An untamed mind cultivates injustice and becomes incapable of right comprehension and insight. But when the luminous black point of the heart meets a true exposition and illumination (of the sort that follows), it becomes clear to it that the unveiling of the secret is not beyond its reach. Divinity speaks to such seekers alone whose minds are attuned to true action.

Since Almighty most high is a world-illuminating sun that bestows light on the macrocosm, through the same principle of twelve ‘flashes’, this epistle has been composed in twelve flashes-

 

First Flash:

On the greatness of Krishna; the performance and practice of yoga; and the fact that ‘Krishna the Divine’ was the essence of God.

His definition is impossible. His grace and generosity are beyond words. His wrath and anger render lofty degrees into lowly states. Such was the case with Sisupala, the king of Chanderi, who was a master of might, power, majesty, and pomp, and whom most of the kings on the earth obeyed. Possessed of extreme stupidity and ignorance, he failed to recognize the unsurpassable power and majesty of the unique One of the age. He was continually insulting Krishna the divine, and he was casting the latter’s goodness into evil. That day, when an assembly of all the kingdoms on earth was held, and Krishna the divine was honoured there, in the presence of all of them, Shishupala made himself a transgressor through his lowly insults. Because Krishna is (here we read a hadith) anointed with the qualities of God Most High. He is most generous of the generous” (takhallaqu bi-akhlaq allah akram al-mukarrimin).

This is why he is called “the most merciful of the merciful” (akram al-mukarrimin);

and in the people’s dialects, he is named patit-pavan adham-dharan;

“the forgiver of the sins of the greatest sinners” (bakhshanda-i gunahi gunah-karan-i a`zam)

“to such a degree that He knows that all of creation (khalq) is from Him, and He knows that no one is separate from Him since no one is apart from Him and all are attached to His reality.”

Having torn the veil of duality and non-recognition in Shishupal’s mind, he (Krishna) brought him into the recognition of unity. When the drop fell into the ocean, duality departed, and unity took its place.

Krishna Dev, whom they call in the Indian language “abounding in compassion” (karunamay), His benevolence is a cure for all the pain we suffer in this world. He bestows peace on the suffering.

Krishna Dev’s wisdom

Having praised His qualities and recited His signs (ayat), now we proceed to an exposition of that timeless wisdom that Krishna Dev taught, and Swami Vyas brought to us. A translation of it was made into pure Persian since not everyone has command over the Sanskrit language. For once, those who speak Persian, will not be excluded from receiving a share of its everlasting grace.

In arranging to lose heart and soul in the essence of God (dhat-i-haqq), the beloved of God (janan) and spiritual wayfarer (salik) must realize that sight has been provided for the eye, smell for the nose, hearing for the ear, speech for the tongue, and the perception of hot, cold, soft, and hard for the enjoyment of physical pleasures. By the exercise of holding the breath, which in the Indian language is called pranayama; and having brought together all of one’s perception and comprehension one meditates on oneself; on the timeless essence within. That is, one engages in conscious recognition of one’s breathing, which is known as atha pran and apan. Focusing attention on apan and pran, he becomes aware of where it comes from and when it descends. When he is able to grasp the place of their entry and exit, he becomes witness to the flash of the divine light, which is known as comprehension and pure knowledge.

Part knowledge is an expression of fancy (waham). For as long as a person does not practice holding the breath and reciting the name of the divine essence (dhikr-i-ism-idhat), which in the Indian languages is known as ‘ajap’, and does not correct the lotus (nilufar) of his heart, which is of an open quality, the essence of Divinity will remain beyond the reach of his intellect, and he will live in a fanciful world of twisted understanding.

On the contrary, if he purifies himself through the aforementioned practice, he attains the universal intellect (aql-il-kul), which is akin to the comprehension of God, the mighty and powerful (haqq azza wa jalla). All fanciful knowledge is effaced by its light. Afterwards, while he meditates on the universal knowledge within himself, and since this knowledge is a flash of the generous pure light, he realizes that what comprehends all (muhit) is the heart, and the manifestation (zuhur) of this knowledge comes from the heart. Knowledge is nothing but the clarity of the Divine light emanating from the heart.

He beholds and comes face to face with this knowledge, and by the light of the heart, through meditation in the heart, with complete unswerving forthrightness (istiqamat-i-aram) and ineffable control (istihkam-i-la-kalam) he practices the pranayama of concentration (samadhi), i.e. peace (aram).

When he has spent some time in this state, without ever becoming restless, he attains perfect peace and beholds in his heart the pure light of the soul, which is without a parallel, resemblance or comparison. He gets absorbed in it to the extent that the heart is completely lost in it.

When the heart is effaced, he becomes one with the Divine, and he attains a state which is the special attribute of the holiest essence (sifat-i-khass-i-dhat-i-aqdas). It is the holiest and most subtle, for it becames that through the unity of all lights, and by encompassing all existing things. 

All beings are aspects and attributes of that essence; for they come into existence from it and they are annihilated in it; that everlasting essence (dhat-i-baqi-i-la-yuzal) is an absolute unity. It has no limits, beginning, or end.  It is without peers and comparison. The world fits into the attribute of the essence of God, which Indian languages call the Paramatma.

Therefore, if a person effaces himself through the practice of asceticism, in the transcendent essence of God, who is ever eternal, he will hasten from annihilation to eternity, passing beyond humanity, and will be honored with divinity, by His generosity and grace.

Excerpts taken from:

Refraction of Islam in India: Situating Sufism and Yoga, Carl W Ernst, Sage, New Delhi, 2016

 

 

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